Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Defect detection by multi-axis infrared process monitoring of laser beam directed energy deposition

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53931-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Experimental setup and example images from the manufacture of a 30° intersecting wall sample. ( a ) Installation of thermal cameras on TRUMPF deposition head with machine coordinate axes superimposed. The primary components are numbered: (1) CLAMIR camera with water cooling and data cable connected. (2) Coaxial mounting port for CLAMIR camera. (3) Optris PI 05M thermal camera, with data cable, at 55° to the k-axis. Attached via side-mounted bracket. (4) Coaxial powder nozzle for DED-LB/M. (5) Optris PI 1M thermal camera, with data cable, at 55° to the k-axis. Attached via rear-mounted bracket. (6) Stabilisation brace for side-mounted bracket. ( b ) Greyscale image obtained from CLAMIR camera. ( c ) Thermographic image obtained from Optris PI 1M camera. ( d ) Thermographic image obtained from Optris PI 05M camera.

Article Snippet: The second off-axis camera is the Optris PI 05M thermal camera, which is installed on the side of the deposition head using a second bracket, 90° from the PI 1M camera in the horizontal plane, as shown in Fig. a, location 3.

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Defect detection by multi-axis infrared process monitoring of laser beam directed energy deposition

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53931-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Layerwise data obtained from the final layer by the two off-axis cameras during the manufacture of sample IW7. Key features have been identified and labelled. ( a ) Vertical displacement from focal plane as measured by the 1M camera (viewing along j-axis). ( b ) Vertical displacement from focal plane as measured by the 05M camera (viewing along i-axis). ( c ) Example of symmetric turn-around peak for vertical displacement. Occurs when camera is perpendicular to wall end. ( d ) Example of asymmetric turn-around peak. Occurs when camera is aligned with wall end.

Article Snippet: The second off-axis camera is the Optris PI 05M thermal camera, which is installed on the side of the deposition head using a second bracket, 90° from the PI 1M camera in the horizontal plane, as shown in Fig. a, location 3.

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Defect detection by multi-axis infrared process monitoring of laser beam directed energy deposition

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53931-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overbuild for a 5 mm span in the mid-regions along the longest wall.

Article Snippet: The second off-axis camera is the Optris PI 05M thermal camera, which is installed on the side of the deposition head using a second bracket, 90° from the PI 1M camera in the horizontal plane, as shown in Fig. a, location 3.

Techniques: Standard Deviation, Micro-CT

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Defect detection by multi-axis infrared process monitoring of laser beam directed energy deposition

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53931-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Early detection of defects in sample IW7 (Power: 480 W, Traverse Speed: 800 mm/s). Vertical cross-section of junction with micro-CT scan (with approximate height of sample at layer 7 indicated) ( a ), melt pool area measurement by CLAMIR camera ( b ), vertical displacement from focal plane in 1M camera ( c ), and 05M camera ( d ) all at layer 7. The clearest indication points for the depression are marked with a green circle in the vertical displacement graphs.

Article Snippet: The second off-axis camera is the Optris PI 05M thermal camera, which is installed on the side of the deposition head using a second bracket, 90° from the PI 1M camera in the horizontal plane, as shown in Fig. a, location 3.

Techniques: Biomarker Discovery, Micro-CT

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Defect detection by multi-axis infrared process monitoring of laser beam directed energy deposition

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53931-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Experimental setup and example images from the manufacture of a 30° intersecting wall sample. ( a ) Installation of thermal cameras on TRUMPF deposition head with machine coordinate axes superimposed. The primary components are numbered: (1) CLAMIR camera with water cooling and data cable connected. (2) Coaxial mounting port for CLAMIR camera. (3) Optris PI 05M thermal camera, with data cable, at 55° to the k-axis. Attached via side-mounted bracket. (4) Coaxial powder nozzle for DED-LB/M. (5) Optris PI 1M thermal camera, with data cable, at 55° to the k-axis. Attached via rear-mounted bracket. (6) Stabilisation brace for side-mounted bracket. ( b ) Greyscale image obtained from CLAMIR camera. ( c ) Thermographic image obtained from Optris PI 1M camera. ( d ) Thermographic image obtained from Optris PI 05M camera.

Article Snippet: The first off-axis camera is the Optris PI 1M camera which monitors wavelengths in the 0.85–1.1 μm range and has a maximum measured temperature range of 450–1800 °C.

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Defect detection by multi-axis infrared process monitoring of laser beam directed energy deposition

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53931-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Layerwise data obtained from the final layer by the two off-axis cameras during the manufacture of sample IW7. Key features have been identified and labelled. ( a ) Vertical displacement from focal plane as measured by the 1M camera (viewing along j-axis). ( b ) Vertical displacement from focal plane as measured by the 05M camera (viewing along i-axis). ( c ) Example of symmetric turn-around peak for vertical displacement. Occurs when camera is perpendicular to wall end. ( d ) Example of asymmetric turn-around peak. Occurs when camera is aligned with wall end.

Article Snippet: The first off-axis camera is the Optris PI 1M camera which monitors wavelengths in the 0.85–1.1 μm range and has a maximum measured temperature range of 450–1800 °C.

Techniques:

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Defect detection by multi-axis infrared process monitoring of laser beam directed energy deposition

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53931-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Overbuild for a 5 mm span in the mid-regions along the longest wall.

Article Snippet: The first off-axis camera is the Optris PI 1M camera which monitors wavelengths in the 0.85–1.1 μm range and has a maximum measured temperature range of 450–1800 °C.

Techniques: Standard Deviation, Micro-CT

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Defect detection by multi-axis infrared process monitoring of laser beam directed energy deposition

doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53931-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Early detection of defects in sample IW7 (Power: 480 W, Traverse Speed: 800 mm/s). Vertical cross-section of junction with micro-CT scan (with approximate height of sample at layer 7 indicated) ( a ), melt pool area measurement by CLAMIR camera ( b ), vertical displacement from focal plane in 1M camera ( c ), and 05M camera ( d ) all at layer 7. The clearest indication points for the depression are marked with a green circle in the vertical displacement graphs.

Article Snippet: The first off-axis camera is the Optris PI 1M camera which monitors wavelengths in the 0.85–1.1 μm range and has a maximum measured temperature range of 450–1800 °C.

Techniques: Micro-CT